Most Common Academic Words (Part 2 of 4)

Most Common Academic Words (Part 2 of 4) EP 24: Most Common Academic Words To Improve Your Academic Writing (Part 2/4) EP 24: Most Common Academic Words To Improve Your Academic Writing (Part 2/4) Are you looking to increase your academic or English vocabulary? This week on Episode 24 of the Homework Help Show our Host and Top Writer Cath Anne builds on a series in which she discusses the most commonly used academic words. Follow along so that you can increase your academic comprehension and incorporate some new words into your academic writing! Using the words, Cath Anne discusses how to create your own sentences. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:05] Hows it going guys? Its Cath Anne, weekly host of The Homework Help Show and Top Writer for Homework Help Global. This week we will continue our series in which we discuss common academic words to incorporate into your academic writing. Make sure you check out our other videos. Episode 21 and 23. For more on the same topic. Cath Anne: [00:00:25] Just a little overview: this series will help you to expand your academic vocabulary using the academic word list. This is a list that you can easily find on Google or anywhere on the internet just by typing it in the search. This core academic vocabulary is used by writers in many different subject areas so learning vocabulary from the AWL will help you to improve your comprehension of academic texts. It will also help you to write assignments in an academic style which your profs are really going to love. Cath Anne: [00:00:59] Feel free to come back to these videos when you need a reminder of the various words we discuss. One way to learn new vocabulary is to learn a new word from the list every day. But it is better to learn words in context so that you will understand how they are used. That is why we will present to word and then present it in a sentence to give you some context. Cath Anne: [00:01:21] Before we jump in. Just a quick reminder to join me live on Instagram live and Facebook live every Thursday at 7:00 PM Eastern Standard Time. We will be doing a live Q and A and study session. So bring your homework and any questions you may have and we will try to help you out. Cath Anne: [00:01:39] OK so lets get into the content. Just a reminder that we encourage you to pause the video at any time just, so you can take some notes and get those words on your list. This week we will add to our initial list with buy more common academic words. So, this session we will be discussing the words, the part of speech (whether it is a noun, verb, or adjective) and the meaning of the word. Then of course as I mentioned we will put the word into a sentence, so you can understand the word in context. Cath Anne: [00:02:27] Lets begin. The first word. This week is environment. As you can see environment is noun. It means the condition of your surroundings. Your surroundings could be geography, society, or even your mood. In a sentence we can use the word environment. Due to climate change there are concerns about the environment. That is probably the most commonly used way to use the word environment. Cath Anne: [00:03:17] The next word is estimate. Estimate is a verb meaning: to make an approximate guess or judgment. So, we could say, I estimate that I will get a score of 80 percent on the upcoming test. Good for you! 80 percent is a great score! Cath Anne: [00:03:56] The next word is factor. Factor is a noun. This means something that contributes to a particular result. So, we can say, There are several factors that contribute to climate change. Those factors might be carbon gas emissions, other forms of pollution, and plastic contamination. So, as you can see there are multiple factors. Multiple factors is a common way to use the word factor in academic jargon and academic writing. Cath Anne: [00:04:46] Number four is function. Function is a noun. It means the purpose for which something is designed. What is its function? What is its purpose? For example, we could say, The phone apps main function is to help people find cool restaurants. Perhaps the app has other functions as well. Maybe it has a menu rating system, maybe it tells you how close local restaurants are. The application may have several functions. Cath Anne: [00:05:41] Finally we have the word identified. Identified as a verb. This means to recognize something or someone. Most commonly it is used in the past tense and it is followed by a direct object. We identified something. For example, We identified three different factors that contribute to child poverty. So, weve also used the word factor in this sentence. What did we identify? We identified something, the three different factors. Cath Anne: [00:06:32] So as you can see all of these words are highly beneficial in academic writing. You can incorporate them throughout your essays and your professors will be very happy that you are familiar with some academic language. Cath Anne: [00:06:47] As I noted please check out our other videos. Episode 21 Episode 23. Theyre very similar to this and we discussed five academic words which you can incorporate into your academic writing. We will be doing another two videos on this topic. So, if this is of interest to you, please make sure to check out this videos. Cath Anne: [00:07:11] That is it for this week. Thank you guys so much for joining me on The Homework Help Show and I hope this episode was of benefit to you. If you want to gain access to any more of our content please view us on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Google Plus, YouTube, Medium where we have a bunch of different student life blogs and information. If you are more of a podcast listener were on SoundCloud, Anchor, iTunes Apple podcast, and Google Play Music. All you have to do to find any of our content is to search Homework Help Global and we will be there. If you have any writing or homework questions. Please remember to join us live on Instagram and Facebook. Live every Thursday at 7:00p.m. Eastern Standard Time. I hope you guys have a great week. Take care. Most Common Academic Words (Part 2 of 4) EP 24: Most Common Academic Words To Improve Your Academic Writing (Part 2/4) EP 24: Most Common Academic Words To Improve Your Academic Writing (Part 2/4) Are you looking to increase your academic or English vocabulary? This week on Episode 24 of the Homework Help Show our Host and Top Writer Cath Anne builds on a series in which she discusses the most commonly used academic words. Follow along so that you can increase your academic comprehension and incorporate some new words into your academic writing! Using the words, Cath Anne discusses how to create your own sentences. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:05] Hows it going guys? Its Cath Anne, weekly host of The Homework Help Show and Top Writer for Homework Help Global. This week we will continue our series in which we discuss common academic words to incorporate into your academic writing. Make sure you check out our other videos. Episode 21 and 23. For more on the same topic. Cath Anne: [00:00:25] Just a little overview: this series will help you to expand your academic vocabulary using the academic word list. This is a list that you can easily find on Google or anywhere on the internet just by typing it in the search. This core academic vocabulary is used by writers in many different subject areas so learning vocabulary from the AWL will help you to improve your comprehension of academic texts. It will also help you to write assignments in an academic style which your profs are really going to love. Cath Anne: [00:00:59] Feel free to come back to these videos when you need a reminder of the various words we discuss. One way to learn new vocabulary is to learn a new word from the list every day. But it is better to learn words in context so that you will understand how they are used. That is why we will present to word and then present it in a sentence to give you some context. Cath Anne: [00:01:21] Before we jump in. Just a quick reminder to join me live on Instagram live and Facebook live every Thursday at 7:00 PM Eastern Standard Time. We will be doing a live Q and A and study session. So bring your homework and any questions you may have and we will try to help you out. Cath Anne: [00:01:39] OK so lets get into the content. Just a reminder that we encourage you to pause the video at any time just, so you can take some notes and get those words on your list. This week we will add to our initial list with buy more common academic words. So, this session we will be discussing the words, the part of speech (whether it is a noun, verb, or adjective) and the meaning of the word. Then of course as I mentioned we will put the word into a sentence, so you can understand the word in context. Cath Anne: [00:02:27] Lets begin. The first word. This week is environment. As you can see environment is noun. It means the condition of your surroundings. Your surroundings could be geography, society, or even your mood. In a sentence we can use the word environment. Due to climate change there are concerns about the environment. That is probably the most commonly used way to use the word environment. Cath Anne: [00:03:17] The next word is estimate. Estimate is a verb meaning: to make an approximate guess or judgment. So, we could say, I estimate that I will get a score of 80 percent on the upcoming test. Good for you! 80 percent is a great score! Cath Anne: [00:03:56] The next word is factor. Factor is a noun. This means something that contributes to a particular result. So, we can say, There are several factors that contribute to climate change. Those factors might be carbon gas emissions, other forms of pollution, and plastic contamination. So, as you can see there are multiple factors. Multiple factors is a common way to use the word factor in academic jargon and academic writing. Cath Anne: [00:04:46] Number four is function. Function is a noun. It means the purpose for which something is designed. What is its function? What is its purpose? For example, we could say, The phone apps main function is to help people find cool restaurants. Perhaps the app has other functions as well. Maybe it has a menu rating system, maybe it tells you how close local restaurants are. The application may have several functions. Cath Anne: [00:05:41] Finally we have the word identified. Identified as a verb. This means to recognize something or someone. Most commonly it is used in the past tense and it is followed by a direct object. We identified something. For example, We identified three different factors that contribute to child poverty. So, weve also used the word factor in this sentence. What did we identify? We identified something, the three different factors. Cath Anne: [00:06:32] So as you can see all of these words are highly beneficial in academic writing. You can incorporate them throughout your essays and your professors will be very happy that you are familiar with some academic language. Cath Anne: [00:06:47] As I noted please check out our other videos. Episode 21 Episode 23. Theyre very similar to this and we discussed five academic words which you can incorporate into your academic writing. We will be doing another two videos on this topic. So, if this is of interest to you, please make sure to check out this videos. Cath Anne: [00:07:11] That is it for this week. Thank you guys so much for joining me on The Homework Help Show and I hope this episode was of benefit to you. If you want to gain access to any more of our content please view us on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Google Plus, YouTube, Medium where we have a bunch of different student life blogs and information. If you are more of a podcast listener were on SoundCloud, Anchor, iTunes Apple podcast, and Google Play Music. All you have to do to find any of our content is to search Homework Help Global and we will be there. If you have any writing or homework questions. Please remember to join us live on Instagram and Facebook. Live every Thursday at 7:00p.m. Eastern Standard Time. I hope you guys have a great week. Take care.

Islamic Terrorism Essay

Islamic Terrorism Essay Islamic Terrorism: The Radicalization of Religion Abstract This essay  focuses on radical Islamic terrorism, from its roots in the Shia rebellion that led to the Iranian Revolution to the modern day terrorist group Daesh/ISIL/ISIS/IS.   It discusses how 9-11 introduced many Westerners to the idea of radical Islamic terrorism and the self-proclaimed holy warriors who carry out these acts as a form of jihad.   In order to help explain modern terrorism, the paper discusses the roots of the Sunni/Shia split and the lingering impact that split has on the modern geopolitical environment.   The foundation of modern terrorist groups that can be traced to the radicalization of Sunni students is traced through Al Qaeda and back to the Taliban. Introduction For people in the United States, radical Islamic terrorism became a real threat on 9-11, when terrorists from a group known as Al-Qaeda used box knives to take over airplanes and then used those airplanes as missiles to destroy the World Trade Center in New York City, and to target the Pentagon in Washington, DC.   A fourth plane was intended to be an additional weapon, but passengers on the plane thwarted them.   The day remains the largest terrorist attack on American soil and ushered in the second Iraq war and an era of abrogated civil rights under the umbrella of The Patriot Act, a government attempt to heighten monitoring of potential terrorists and prevent another 9-11 style attack (United States Department of Justice, 2016).   It also brought attention to a new type of threat; jihad, as these terrorists styled themselves as holy warriors. What is Jihad? While members of Al Qaeda and subsequent terrorist groups have called themselves mujahideen, jihadists, and jihadi and have proclaimed that their actions are taken in the name of Islam, it is important to understand that their take on the concept of jihad is a radicalized version of the religion that differs, significantly, from what the average Muslim believes.   For the average Muslim, Jihad is not a violent concept and does not incorporate terrorism, and the Koran specifically prohibits almost all calls for violent Jihad.   In addition, Islam is an Abrahamic religion like Christianity and Judaism, and the Koran requires Muslims to respect Christians and Jews.   Radicalized Muslims, like radicalized members of other faiths, reject those concepts and use twist Islam to support their violence against others.   However, the root cause is not simply religion; religion is a tool manipulated by the leaders to get vulnerable recruits to join their cause.   Factors such as povert y, class differences, warfare, and even social anti-Muslim attitudes are used as recruiting tools alongside religion. Sunni and Shia Furthermore, it is important to realize that Islam has been marked by an internal division since the 632 AD death of the prophet Muhammad.   Sunni and Shia Muslims are divided over who is the appropriate successor to the prophet Muhammad.   While many in the Western world view all Muslims as the same, this division marks significant doctrinal differences and is the source of many territorial disputes (Humphreys, 2015).   In a nutshell, the Shia believed that only descendants of Muhammad were eligible to lead Muslims, advocating for a type of monarchy in religious succession.   In contrast, the Sunni believed that the worthiest people should be eligible for leadership, regardless of lineage.   The Iranian Revolution, which was led by Shia and marked the foundation of the terrorist organization Hezbollah, caused many people to think of Shias as the more radicalized of the two groups, which was a viewpoint advocated by primarily Sunni Saudi Arabia and many of its political bac kers, including the United States.   However, the Sunni version of Islam was equally subject to radicalization; the Taliban, which began as a group of mujahideen fighting against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, was a Sunni group, and its radicalized ideology formed the foundation for Al Qaeda. Terrorism: A Many-Headed Beast Terrorism is the use of violence and intimidation to further political aims, and it can be accomplished by an individual or an organization.   What the United States government found in the wake of 9-11 was that it is extremely difficult to fight a terrorist organization such as Al-Qaeda.   While the organization had a well-recognized leader, Osama Bin Laden, it did not function in a top-down manner, but instead employed terrorist cells, small groups of independently operating terrorists who do not share leadership and do not overlap, which makes it far more difficult for law enforcement to target a terrorist organization.   This effective use of terrorist cells was globally devastating, â€Å"al-Qaeda was linked—whether directly or indirectly—to more attacks in the six years following September 11 than it had been in the six years prior, including attacks in Jordan, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia,  Turkey, the  United Kingdom,  Israel, Algeria, and elsewhe re† (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2016).   Meanwhile, the organization was extremely effective at using social media and the Internet as both a recruiting device and a means of spreading terror.   The U.S. found its leader, Osama Bin Laden, and executed him in May of 2011, and, although Al-Qaeda remains an active terrorist organization, it has largely been supplanted by other organizations. What’s in a Name? While Al Qaeda was once the most-feared radical Islamic terrorist organization in the world, currently, the most-feared group of terrorists is a radical Sunni group that is referred to by one of many names: Isis, Isil, IS, and Daesh.   The names all refer to â€Å"the jihadist group which controls large swathes of territory in Syria and Iraq† (Irshaid, 2015).   The conflict over the name, which has gained significant attention in the United States, is really a semantic one.   Historically, there was an Islamic State at the time of Muhammad’s death, and the terrorists attempt to use that and related monikers to legitimize their operation.   These names include Islamic State (IS), Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), and Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and the confusion over the names can be traced to translation difficulties between Arabic and English.   However, the group is generally referred to as ISIL in international contexts, which is what the Obama Administration has continued to do, while many Americans refer to them as ISIS.   The term Daesh, which is simply the English acronym of the group’s Arabic name and as no stand-alone meaning, is gaining in popularity, because it does not lend the same legitimacy to the group as IS or any of its derivatives. The Global Impact Regardless of what one calls the group, ISIL is having a tremendous impact on worldwide politics, because ISIL invasions of previously peaceful Muslim countries are driving a world-wide refugee crises and altering the balance of power in the Middle East.   The geo-political implications of a Sunni group controlling parts of Syria and Iraq, while an equally militant Shia group largely controls Iran are alarming and fighting between radicalized Muslims and non-radicalized citizens could have very alarming consequences and has made much of the Western world very aware of concerns about nuclear weapons in Muslim-controlled countries like Pakistan and Iran.   It has also helped drive xenophobia in many nations, because they fear that Muslim immigrants will bring radical Islam to their countries.   This fear is reasonable, but greatly overstated; the refugees are fleeing the radical Islamists, but it is still possible for a terrorist to pretend to be a refugee in order to enter a tar get country.   More chilling is the idea that a refugee may flee the terrorists only to face tremendous religious discrimination and economic oppression, making him or her more vulnerable to terrorist recruitment propaganda. Works Cited / References: Encyclopedia Britannica.   (2016, October 14).   Al-Qaeda.   Retrieved October 19, 2016 from the  Encyclopaedia Britannica website: https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Qaeda Humphreys, A.   (2015, November 18).   The Sunni-Shia split at the heart of regional conflict in  the Middle East explained.   Retrieved October 19, 2016 from National Post website: http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/the-sunni-shia-split-at-the-heart-of-regional-conflict-in-the-middle-east-explained Irshaid, F.   (2015, December 2).   Isis, Isil, IS, or Daesh?   One group, many names.   Retrieved  October 19, 2016 from BBC website: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27994277 United States Department of Justice.   (2016).   Highlights of the USA Patriot Act.   Retrieved  October 19, 2016 from Department of Justice website: https://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm Top Image Rights: Taken Oct 30, 2011  Siwc  Flickr  Creative Commons CC by 2.0 View or Download this full document in (.docx) format. --> Open Full Document Open full document and source list OR Order A Custom Written Essay Order a one-of-a-kind custom essay on this topic

The Holy Night A Christmas Story by Selma Lagerlöf

As part of her collection Christ Legends Selma Lagerlà ¶f wrote the story The Holy Night,   a Christmas-themed tale first published in sometime in the early 1900s but before her death in 1940. It tells the story of the author at five years old who experienced a great sadness when her grandmother passed which made her recall a story the old woman used to tell about the Holy Night. The story the grandmother tells is about a poor man who wanders around the village asking people for a single live coal to light his own fire, but keeps getting met with rejection until he runs into a shepherd who finds compassion in his heart to help, especially after seeing the state of the mans home and wife and child. Read the full story below for a quality Christmas tale about how compassion can lead people to see miracles, especially around that special time of year. The Holy Night Text When I was five years old I had such a great sorrow! I hardly know if I have had a greater since then. It was then that my grandmother died. Up to that time, she used to sit every day on the corner sofa in her room, and tell stories. I remember grandmother told story after story from morning till night, and we children sat beside her, quite still, and listened. It was a glorious life! No other children had such happy times as we did. It isnt much that I recollect about my grandmother. I remember that she had very beautiful snow-white hair, and stooped when she walked, and that she always sat and knitted a stocking. And I even remember that when she had finished a story, she used to lay her hand on my head and say: All this is as true, as true as that I see you and you see me. I also remember that she could sing songs, but this she did not do every day. One of the songs was about a knight and a sea-troll, and had this refrain: It blows cold, cold weather at sea. Then I remember a little prayer she taught me, and a verse of a hymn. Of all the stories she told me, I have but a dim and imperfect recollection. Only one of them do I remember so well that I should be able to repeat it. It is a little story about Jesus birth. Well, this is nearly all that I can recall about my grandmother, except the thing which I remember best; and that is, the great loneliness when she was gone. I remember the morning when the corner sofa stood empty and when it was impossible to understand how the days would ever come to an end. That I remember. That I shall never forget! And I recollect that we children were brought forward to kiss the hand of the dead and that we were afraid to do it. But then some one said to us that it would be the last time we could thank grandmother for all the pleasure she had given us. And I remember how the stories and songs were driven from the homestead, shut up in a long black casket, and how they never came back again. I remember that something was gone from our lives. It seemed as if the door to a whole beautiful, enchanted world—where before we had been free to go in and out—had been closed. And now there was no one who knew how to open that door. And I remember that, little by little, we children learned to play with dolls and toys, and to live like other children. And then it seemed as though we no longer missed our grandmother, or remembered her. But even to-day—after forty years—as I sit here and gather together the legends about Christ, which I heard out there in the Orient, there awakes within me the little legend of Jesus birth that my grandmother used to tell, and I feel impelled to tell it once again, and to let it also be included in my collection. It was a Christmas Day and all the folks had driven to church except grandmother and I. I believe we were all alone in the house. We had not been permitted to go along, because one of us was too old and the other was too young. And we were sad, both of us, because we had not been taken to early mass to hear the singing and to see the Christmas candles. But as we sat there in our loneliness, grandmother began to tell a story. There was a man who went out in the dark night to borrow live coals to kindle a fire. He went from hut to hut and knocked. Dear friends, help me! said he. My wife has just given birth to a child, and I must make a fire to warm her and the little one.But it was way in the night, and all the people were asleep. No one replied.The man walked and walked. At last, he saw the gleam of a fire a long way off. Then he went in that direction and saw that the fire was burning in the open. A lot of sheep were sleeping around the fire, and an old shepherd sat and watched over the flock.When the man who wanted to borrow fire came up to the sheep, he saw that three big dogs lay asleep at the shepherds feet. All three awoke when the man approached and opened their great jaws, as though they wanted to bark; but not a sound was heard. The man noticed that the hair on their backs stood up and that their sharp, white teeth glistened in the firelight. They dashed toward him.He felt that one of them bit a t his leg and one at this hand and that one clung to this throat. But their jaws and teeth wouldnt obey them, and the man didnt suffer the least harm.Now the man wished to go farther, to get what he needed. But the sheep lay back to back and so close to one another that he couldnt pass them. Then the man stepped upon their backs and walked over them and up to the fire. And not one of the animals awoke or moved.When the man had almost reached the fire, the shepherd looked up. He was a surly old man, who was unfriendly and harsh toward human beings. And when he saw the strange man coming, he seized the long, spiked staff, which he always held in his hand when he tended his flock, and threw it at him. The staff came right toward the man, but, before it reached him, it turned off to one side and whizzed past him, far out in the meadow.Now the man came up to the shepherd and said to him: Good man, help me, and lend me a little fire! My wife has just given birth to a child, and I must mak e a fire to warm her and the little one.The shepherd would rather have said no, but when he pondered that the dogs couldnt hurt the man, and the sheep had not run from him and that the staff had not wished to strike him, he was a little afraid, and dared not deny the man that which he asked. Take as much as you need! he said to the man. But then the fire was nearly burnt out. There were no logs or branches left, only a big heap of live coals, and the stranger had neither spade nor shovel wherein he could carry the red-hot coals.When the shepherd saw this, he said again: Take as much as you need! And he was glad that the man wouldnt be able to take away any coals.But the man stopped and picked coals from the ashes with his bare hands, and laid them in his mantle. And he didnt burn his hands when he touched them, nor did the coals scorch his mantle; but he carried them away as if they had been nuts or apples.And when the shepherd, who was such a cruel and hardhearted man, saw all this, he began to wonder to himself. What kind of a night is this, when the dogs do not bite, the sheep are not scared, the staff does not kill, or the fire scorch? He called the stranger back and said to him: What kind of a night is this? And how does it happen that all things show you compassion?Then said the man: I cannot tell you if you y ourself do not see it. And he wished to go his way, that he might soon make a fire and warm his wife and child.br/>But the shepherd did not wish to lose sight of the man before he had found out what all this might portend. He got up and followed the man till they came to the place where he lived.Then the shepherd saw the man didnt have so much as a hut to dwell in, but that his wife and babe were lying in a mountain grotto, where there was nothing except the cold and naked stone walls.But the shepherd thought that perhaps the poor innocent child might freeze to death there in the grotto; and, although he was a hard man, he was touched, and thought he would like to help it. And he loosened the knapsack from his shoulder, took from it a soft white sheepskin, gave it to the strange man, and said that he should let the child sleep on it.But just as soon as he showed that he, too, could be merciful, his eyes were opened, and he saw what he had not been able to see before, and heard what he could not have heard before.He saw that all around him stood a ring of little silver-winged angels, and each held a stringed instrument, and all sang in loud tones that tonight the Saviour was born who should redeem the world from its sins.br/>Then he understood how all things were so happy this night that they didnt want to do anything wrong.And it was not only around the shepherd that there were angels, but he saw them everywhere. They sat inside the grotto, they sat outside on the mountain, and they flew under the heavens. They came marching in great companies, and, as they passed, they paused and cast a glance at the child.There was such jubilation and such gladness and songs and play! And all this he saw in the dark night whereas before he could not have made out anything. He was so happy because his eyes had been opened that he fell upon his knees and thanked God.What that shepherd saw, we might also see, for the angels fly down from heaven every Christmas Eve, if we could only see them.You must remember this, for it is as true, as true as that I see you and you see me. It is not revealed by the light of lamps or candles, and it does not depend upon sun and moon, but that which is needful is that we have such eyes as can see Gods glory.

I Think I Got a Bad GRE Score. Now What

Effects Of European Expansion On America - 1407 Words

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In the early modern period, explorers crossed immense oceans to even find a hint of other civilizations and new resources. With superior material and technological strength, especially firearms, Europeans were able to achieve land and power. The motives for European expansion varied from desiring glory from their lands, gold for their future, to serve in the name of God, and the strategic needs that their country may require. Among the first well known European explorers, Christopher Columbus, an experienced voyager, discovered a â€Å"New World† that he claimed for Spain inShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Historical Impacts of the Protestant Reformation946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation and European expansion have both left political, social and economic impacts throughout history. The Protestant Reformation which was started in the 1500’s, by a Catholic man named Martin Luther caused political instability and fragmented the Holy Roman Empire. 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Religion played a major role in expansion for both the Portuguese and the Spanish dueRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus s Discoveries1247 Words   |  5 Pages Positive Impact of Christopher Columbus’s Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus Discoveries1249 Words   |  5 PagesPositive Impact of Christopher Columbus’ Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MoreKey Concept 4.1 Globalizing Networks Of Communication And Exchange1703 Words   |  7 Pages‘interconnection’ after 1500 CE compared to before 1500. What were the overall effects of this change in global interconnectedness? The interconnection before 1500 and after 1500 posed major differences in the degree of interconnection. Before 1500, there were a few expeditions to the Americas, and it remained relatively isolated. After 1500, colonies were established in the new world which helped connect Europe to the Americas, in which Europe benefitted from a large stream of sugar and precious metals

And Then There Were Three - 2237 Words

And Then There Were Three From author to appearance, purpose to publisher, the creation of the Lyrical Ballads was far from simple. Though the blank-verse Tintern Abbey is one of the â€Å"other poems† hidden in the back of just one edition of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s ballads, the pastoral ode best represents the Wordsworthian anxiety that casts a shadow over the entire, complex publication of the Lyrical Ballads. Tintern Abbey was not meant to be a part of the Lyrical Ballads, but was added at the last minute, when the poems were already in the printing press (Moorman). Though hasty and not quite fitting, Wordsworth’s final addition to the first volume of the Lyrical Ballads became its most illustrious†¦show more content†¦Cottle returned to Bristol with The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in hand, as well as an agreed upon title for the whole collection, the Lyrical Ballads. After Cottle left, Coleridge wrote him a letter further explaining the mission of the Lyrical Ballads: We deem that the volumes offered to you are to a certain degree one work, in kind tho’ not in degree, as an Ode is one work- that our different poems are as stanzas, good relatively rather than absolutely:-Mark you, I say in kind tho’ not in degree.—(cited by Jordan) The Lyrical Ballads gained a specific and radical purpose that Wordsworth and Coleridge would have to defend. Thus, Wordsworth began to show deep concern for his hard work and its revolutionary mission. The primary poet often visited Bristol over the next few months to oversee the production of the poems (Rannie). As the purpose of the work specified, so did the appearance. Coleridge also demanded, with Wordsworth’s support, that there be â€Å"18 lines per page† and â€Å"the lines closely printed† (cited by Jordan). 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Understanding of how Linux was originated Free Essays

INTRODUDCTION Linux, the flagship of open source software (OOS) (Applewhite, 2003), has been reported to be the significant force that has strengthened some developing countries in the technology map.(Wilburn 1997; UNCTAD 2002). It is said to be the backbone for accelerating the growth of low income countries’ IT industries and it intend to increase their tendency to innovate. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of how Linux was originated or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main aim of this paper is to gain an understanding of how Linux was originated. How it diffused from the innovator to its current position on the S curve. We attempt to achieve this by assessing its market share and the circumstances that lead to its success. ABSTRACT Linux is an operating system that originated from Unix operating system. This paper analyzes how it came about, how it was developed and diffused. It also emphasizes on the position of the innovation on the S curve, how successful the product was, its effects on the market and on the society. UNIX In order to understand the popularity of Linux, we need to travel back to 30years ago when computer use to be as big as a rock or a football stadium. While the size of those computers was a problem, one thing made it even worse. Every computer has to run on a specific operating system. Being able to work with one system does not guarantee you could work with another. Therefore, it was difficult both for the users and the system administrators. Technologically the world was not that advanced, so they had to cope with the size of the computer for another decade. In 1969, a team of developers in Bell Lab laboratories started working on solution to software problems and they developed new operating system which was (Machtelt Garrrels, 2008) simple and elegant Written in the C programming language instead of in assembly code Able to recycle code. The Bell Labs developers named their project â€Å"UNIX†. The code recycling features were important. Until then, all computers were written on a special code developed for one system. Unix on the other hand needed only a small part of that special code, which is now commonly named the Kernel. (Machtelt Garrels, 2008). The operating system and all other functions were built around this kernel and written in a higher programming language, C. This language was specifically created for the UNIX system. Using this technique, it was easier to develop an operating system that run on many different type of hardware. LINUS AND LINUX By the beginning of the 90s home PC were powerful to run on full blown UNIX (M. Tim Jones, 2005) Linus Torvalds, a computer science student at the University of Helsinki in Finland thought it would be a nice idea to have a sort of freely available academic version of UNIX, and so, he started to code. He started by developing device drivers and hard-drive access, and by September he had a basic design he called Version 0.01 (Ramesh Bangia at el, 2007). This Kernel which is called Linux was combined with the GNU system to produce a complete free operating system. Torvalds released an open source code for linux, which allow anyone to access and modify the source code at no cost (Sander Van Vugt, 2009). As a result, anyone who has the knowledge of linux can modify and change the system. Linux became most popular operating system because of its free source distribution and compatibility with other hardwares (Vijay Shekhar, 2006). How Linux was developed (Nicholas Wells, 2003) On January 5, 1992, Linux Version 0.12 was released, an improved, stable kernel. Then another Version 0.95 was released to reflect the fact that it was becoming the full-featured system. After that, Linux became an underground fact with a growing group of distributed programmers that develop and enhance the source code baseline to this day. Torvalds released Version 0.11 under a freeware license of his own plan, but then released Version 0.12 under the well established GNU General Public License and more software was created for Linux over the next couple of years (Richard L. Petersen, 2005). Linux continued to improve in the 90s and started to be used in large-scale application like networking, database serving and proving ready for production use (Richard Petersen, 2008). Version 2.2 which is a major update of Linux Kernel was released in 1999. In 2000, most computer companies supported Linux in one way or the other, recognizing a common standard that could finally reunify the fractured world of the Unix wars (Micheal H. Jang, 2003). The next major release was Version 2.4 in January 2001, which provides compatibility with upcoming generations of Intel’s 64-Bit Itanium processor computers (Micheal H. Jang, 2006). How Linux was diffused. The diffusion of an innovation is seen as a social process where the innovative idea or product is adopted as a result of the existence of different types of adopter categories (Owen, 1991). Sheth (1998) posited that the fundamental factors that, which influence the propensity to resist or adopt an innovation, are, the perceived risks associated with adopting the innovation, and the level of habit change in adopting the innovation. In reviewing the diffusion of Linux, diffusion occurred when the perceived financial and performance risks, and the changes in habit that were required to use the product were apparently low and free to a large population of consumers. Linux has a very low total cost of ownership (TCO). A survey conducted in the U.S., Brazil, France, Germany, Sweden and Japan, for instance indicated that 50% of the respondents perceived Linux having a lower TCO (N Kshetri, 2005) Consider the initial investment. The price of Microsoft’s entry-level operating system was ?50 in 2002. Taking ?300 as the average price of a PC, it amounts to 15% of the total cost of a PC. Linux, on the other hand can be freely downloaded or purchased with a nominal distribution fee. Linux’s cost saving potential is more appealing to users from developing countries. PCs with Linux as the operating system are, more attractive in developing countries. For instance, LG Electronics, the South Korean multinational sells Linux-based desktop in India at prices lower than brands using commercial operating systems (N Kshetri, 2005). Linux was easily diffused from the stage of innovators through the segments that eventually make up the majority of adopters because of its free and open source operating system. Users and developers of Linux can easily access and modify the source code at no cost. Another key factor that accelerates the diffusion of Linux is its ability to run on old machines. (Gray 2000) Linux can even run on 486 chips machine unlike Microsoft Windows XP Professional that requires a minimum of 233 MHz processor and 64 MB of RAM. This advantage of Linux is more important for users in developing countries. In many cities and regions, local associations known as the Linux User Groups (LUGs) helps to diffuse this free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support and operating system installation to new users. (Erricos John, et al 2002) stated that the adoption of Linux was due to the social network composed of innovators, early adopters, early majority†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and diffusion in this case could be social backbone that lowers the risk of using this innovation. The rate of diffusion has risen from the innovators to the late majority as shown in the diffusion curve. (See fig 1). Where the Original funding did came from? After the release of Linux by Linus Torvalds, the source code was made available on the internet for anyone who wants to develop the software. The innovator neither forms a spin out company nor sells the idea. The source code was made available on the internet and developers started developing new versions of Linux. What happened about the IPRWas the innovation patented? Linux was developed as a cooperative Open Source effort over the internet. So no company or institution has control over it. Most Linux software is developed as Open Source software. This means that the source code is freely distributed along with the application (Richard Petersen, 2007). Programmers over the internet contribute to a software package development by modifying and correcting the source code. Linux is an open source operating system. Its source code is included in all distribution and is freely available on the internet (Aries Technology Inc, 2003-2007). There are other major software projects that are open source, for instance KDE and GNOME. The Netscape Communicator Web browser package has also become open source, with its source code freely available on internet (Neil Smyth, 2010). Open source software is protected by public licenses. These prevent commercial companies from taking control of open source software by adding a few modifications, copyrighting those changes and selling the software as their own product. The most popular public license is the GNU General Public License provided by the free software foundation. This is the license that Linux is distributed under (Dr Mukesh Dhunna et al, 2010). The GNU General Public License retains the copyright, freely licensing the software with the note that the software and modification made to it will always be freely available. However, there are other public license created to support different kinds of open source projects, for instance the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) lets commercial application uses GNU licensed software libraries. Linux is currently copyrighted under the GNU public license provided by the free software foundation, and it is often referred to as GNU software. GNU software is distributed free, provided it is freely distributed to others. Why is Linux Successful? Linus operating system for servers and PCs has really gained ground. It is now pushed by big firms such as IBM, Intel, HP, and Dell and is used by large companies like DaimlerChrysler and Morgan Stanley. It open architecture makes it compatible to run on any computer architecture: in the hand-held ARM-based iPAQ and the mainframe IBM system z9, system z10, in devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers (Graham Glass et al, 2005). The cost of production is relatively low, because it can be downloaded off the web for free. Because the source code is widely available on the net, developers all around the world can contribute freely on any development or improvement of the programme. This represents an investment in time and people than ever a cash-flush giant as Microsoft cannot match. Linux operating system is highly reliable and secured which makes it difficult for worms to attack (http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS6909870737.html ) However, the real success for Linux came from its backing from the major computer manufacturers, who want to use it as a competitive tool against Microsoft (Eric Viardot, 2004 ). For instance, Linux got a big boost when Intel unfastened its close association with Microsoft and started producing chips for Linux. Such backing is seen as a commitment to the long-term of this operating software by major corporations, which desperately needed freedom from the Microsoft monopoly. Effects of Linux on the Market The Linux market is growing rapidly, and the revenue of servers, desktops and packaged software running Linux was expected to go beyond ?22.2 billion in 2008. A report from IDC’s Q1 2007 financial report shows that Linux held a total of 12.7% of the overall sever market at that time (IDC Q1 2007 report). However, this estimate is based on the number of servers sold by various companies, and did not include server hardware purchased separately which had Linux installed on it later. In September 2008, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer acknowledged that 60% of web servers run Linux versus 40% that run windows server (Nicholai James, 2008). Primarily based on web server statistics, most companies estimated that the market share of Linux range from less than 1% to 4.8%. In comparison, Microsoft operating system hold more than 85% (Beer Stan, 2007). The emerge of Linux did not kill its competitors (Microsoft, Mac Operating System) rather it encourages innovation in the technological industry. â€Å"In the second half of 2003, linux sales in the Chinese PC market exceed 800,000 copies. Similarly, in November 2003, Sun announced a deal to sell 200 million copies of Linux-based Java desktop to the Chinese government to be use throughout the country. China’s Linux market grew by 27.1% in 2005 and the Chinese research IT firm predicted an annual growth rate of 49.3% from 2005-2009 for the Chinese Linux server software market† (N Kshetri, 2007). Linux has also made huge success in the film industry. Titanic was the first major film produced on Linux server in 1997. Since then, major studios including Dreamworks Animation, Pixar, Weta Digital, and Industrial Light Magic have migrated to Linux. According to the Linux Movies Group, more than 95% of the servers and desktops at large animation and visual effects companies use Linux (http://www.linuxmovies.org/). The Effect of Linux on the Society. Linux created a lasting impact in the technological industries. Linux has been the primary source of technological innovations originated for and used in developing countries (N Kshetri, 2007). For instance, Encore software of India has design a handheld internet appliance, Simputer, based on Linux. At a cost of below ?150, Simputer provides internet and email access in local languages; micro banking applications; speech recognition and text-to-speech conversion. Computador Popular (Popular Computers) in Brazil that costs less than ?200 runs Linux. Computador is an internet appliance without a floppy or a hard disk and features many attributes in a moderately-price PC (N Kshetri, 2007). Consumers can also buy inexpensive hard disk and other accessories. Due to its low cost of ownership and open source operating system available, it has help users mostly in the developing countries to lay hand on a computer of their own and create room for developers to be more creative. Conclusion The development of Linux came at the right time. The innovation resulted from a need pull. Before the invention of Linux operating system, every computer runs on separate operating system which makes it very difficult for developers because they had to write different programs for different operating system. Linus Torvalds wrote the source code for Linux and made it available on the web. The operating system is registered under GNU which made it possible for anyone to improve on it. The low cost of ownership and open source operating system accelerates the diffusion of the innovation. However, due to its availability to run on any other operating system (new/old), it dominated the market share of the technological industries. From my point of view, Linux is highly dominated in Asia and Africa because of its low cost. ABSTRACT Linux is an operating system that originated from Unix operating system. This paper analyzes how it came about, how it was developed and diffused. It also emphasizes on the position of the innovation on the S curve, how successful the product was, its effects on the market and on the society. INTRODUDCTION Linux, the flagship of open source software (OOS) (Applewhite, 2003), has been reported to be the significant force that has strengthened some developing countries in the technology map.(Wilburn 1997; UNCTAD 2002). It is said to be the backbone for accelerating the growth of low income countries’ IT industries and it intend to increase their tendency to innovate. The main aim of this paper is to gain an understanding of how Linux was originated. How it diffused from the innovator to its current position on the S curve. We attempt to achieve this by assessing its market share and the circumstances that lead to its success. REFERENCES 1Machtelt Garrels, 2008. Introduction to Linux, A Hands on Guide. 2M.Tim Jones, 2005. GNU/Linux application Programming. 3Ramesh Bangia, Balvir Singh, Ramesh Bangia, 2007. Operating System and Software Diagnostics. 4Sander Van Vugt, 2009. Beginning the Linux Command Line. 5Vijay Shekhar, 2006. Red Hat Linux- The Complete Bible. 6Nicholas Wells, 2003. Guide to Linux installation and administration. 7Richard L. Petersen, 2005. Red Hat Enterprise Linux Fedora Core 4 8Richard L. Petersen, 2008. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5: Administration Security Desktop. 9Micheal H. Jang, 2003. Mastering Red Hat Linux 9. 10 N Kshetri, 2005. Diffusion Pattern of Linux: An Assessment on Major Technology Dimensions 11 Gray F. Douglas, 2000. ‘Low Cost Gives Linux Appeal, Say Supporters at Comdex’, IDG News Service, November 13, http://www.idg.net/idgns/2000/11/13/COMDEXLowCostGivesLinux.shtml 12 Erricos John Kontoghiorghes, Stavros Siokos, 2002. Computational method in decision-making, economics and finance. 13 Aries Technology Inc, 2003-2007. Aries Linux Essentials. 14 Neil Smyth, 2010. Ubuntu 10.10 Essentials. 15 N Kshetri, 2007. Increasing Returns and the Diffusion of Linux in China. 16 Dr Mukesh Dhunna, J. B. Dixit, 2010. Information Technology in Business Management. 17 Graham Glass, King Ables, 2005. Linux for Programmers and Users. 18 Erick Viardot, 2004. Successful Marketing Strategy for high-tech firms, Volume 5. 19 IDC Q1 2007 report. Linux-watch.com2007-05-2009 20 Nicholai James, 2008. Ballmer Still Searching for an Answer to Google. http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/151568/ballmer_still_searching_for_an_answer_to_google.html 21 Beer Stan, 2007. Vista to play second fiddle to Xp until 2009 22 http://www.linuxmovies.org/ How to cite Understanding of how Linux was originated, Essay examples