The Holy Night A Christmas Story by Selma Lagerlöf

As part of her collection Christ Legends Selma Lagerlà ¶f wrote the story The Holy Night,   a Christmas-themed tale first published in sometime in the early 1900s but before her death in 1940. It tells the story of the author at five years old who experienced a great sadness when her grandmother passed which made her recall a story the old woman used to tell about the Holy Night. The story the grandmother tells is about a poor man who wanders around the village asking people for a single live coal to light his own fire, but keeps getting met with rejection until he runs into a shepherd who finds compassion in his heart to help, especially after seeing the state of the mans home and wife and child. Read the full story below for a quality Christmas tale about how compassion can lead people to see miracles, especially around that special time of year. The Holy Night Text When I was five years old I had such a great sorrow! I hardly know if I have had a greater since then. It was then that my grandmother died. Up to that time, she used to sit every day on the corner sofa in her room, and tell stories. I remember grandmother told story after story from morning till night, and we children sat beside her, quite still, and listened. It was a glorious life! No other children had such happy times as we did. It isnt much that I recollect about my grandmother. I remember that she had very beautiful snow-white hair, and stooped when she walked, and that she always sat and knitted a stocking. And I even remember that when she had finished a story, she used to lay her hand on my head and say: All this is as true, as true as that I see you and you see me. I also remember that she could sing songs, but this she did not do every day. One of the songs was about a knight and a sea-troll, and had this refrain: It blows cold, cold weather at sea. Then I remember a little prayer she taught me, and a verse of a hymn. Of all the stories she told me, I have but a dim and imperfect recollection. Only one of them do I remember so well that I should be able to repeat it. It is a little story about Jesus birth. Well, this is nearly all that I can recall about my grandmother, except the thing which I remember best; and that is, the great loneliness when she was gone. I remember the morning when the corner sofa stood empty and when it was impossible to understand how the days would ever come to an end. That I remember. That I shall never forget! And I recollect that we children were brought forward to kiss the hand of the dead and that we were afraid to do it. But then some one said to us that it would be the last time we could thank grandmother for all the pleasure she had given us. And I remember how the stories and songs were driven from the homestead, shut up in a long black casket, and how they never came back again. I remember that something was gone from our lives. It seemed as if the door to a whole beautiful, enchanted world—where before we had been free to go in and out—had been closed. And now there was no one who knew how to open that door. And I remember that, little by little, we children learned to play with dolls and toys, and to live like other children. And then it seemed as though we no longer missed our grandmother, or remembered her. But even to-day—after forty years—as I sit here and gather together the legends about Christ, which I heard out there in the Orient, there awakes within me the little legend of Jesus birth that my grandmother used to tell, and I feel impelled to tell it once again, and to let it also be included in my collection. It was a Christmas Day and all the folks had driven to church except grandmother and I. I believe we were all alone in the house. We had not been permitted to go along, because one of us was too old and the other was too young. And we were sad, both of us, because we had not been taken to early mass to hear the singing and to see the Christmas candles. But as we sat there in our loneliness, grandmother began to tell a story. There was a man who went out in the dark night to borrow live coals to kindle a fire. He went from hut to hut and knocked. Dear friends, help me! said he. My wife has just given birth to a child, and I must make a fire to warm her and the little one.But it was way in the night, and all the people were asleep. No one replied.The man walked and walked. At last, he saw the gleam of a fire a long way off. Then he went in that direction and saw that the fire was burning in the open. A lot of sheep were sleeping around the fire, and an old shepherd sat and watched over the flock.When the man who wanted to borrow fire came up to the sheep, he saw that three big dogs lay asleep at the shepherds feet. All three awoke when the man approached and opened their great jaws, as though they wanted to bark; but not a sound was heard. The man noticed that the hair on their backs stood up and that their sharp, white teeth glistened in the firelight. They dashed toward him.He felt that one of them bit a t his leg and one at this hand and that one clung to this throat. But their jaws and teeth wouldnt obey them, and the man didnt suffer the least harm.Now the man wished to go farther, to get what he needed. But the sheep lay back to back and so close to one another that he couldnt pass them. Then the man stepped upon their backs and walked over them and up to the fire. And not one of the animals awoke or moved.When the man had almost reached the fire, the shepherd looked up. He was a surly old man, who was unfriendly and harsh toward human beings. And when he saw the strange man coming, he seized the long, spiked staff, which he always held in his hand when he tended his flock, and threw it at him. The staff came right toward the man, but, before it reached him, it turned off to one side and whizzed past him, far out in the meadow.Now the man came up to the shepherd and said to him: Good man, help me, and lend me a little fire! My wife has just given birth to a child, and I must mak e a fire to warm her and the little one.The shepherd would rather have said no, but when he pondered that the dogs couldnt hurt the man, and the sheep had not run from him and that the staff had not wished to strike him, he was a little afraid, and dared not deny the man that which he asked. Take as much as you need! he said to the man. But then the fire was nearly burnt out. There were no logs or branches left, only a big heap of live coals, and the stranger had neither spade nor shovel wherein he could carry the red-hot coals.When the shepherd saw this, he said again: Take as much as you need! And he was glad that the man wouldnt be able to take away any coals.But the man stopped and picked coals from the ashes with his bare hands, and laid them in his mantle. And he didnt burn his hands when he touched them, nor did the coals scorch his mantle; but he carried them away as if they had been nuts or apples.And when the shepherd, who was such a cruel and hardhearted man, saw all this, he began to wonder to himself. What kind of a night is this, when the dogs do not bite, the sheep are not scared, the staff does not kill, or the fire scorch? He called the stranger back and said to him: What kind of a night is this? And how does it happen that all things show you compassion?Then said the man: I cannot tell you if you y ourself do not see it. And he wished to go his way, that he might soon make a fire and warm his wife and child.br/>But the shepherd did not wish to lose sight of the man before he had found out what all this might portend. He got up and followed the man till they came to the place where he lived.Then the shepherd saw the man didnt have so much as a hut to dwell in, but that his wife and babe were lying in a mountain grotto, where there was nothing except the cold and naked stone walls.But the shepherd thought that perhaps the poor innocent child might freeze to death there in the grotto; and, although he was a hard man, he was touched, and thought he would like to help it. And he loosened the knapsack from his shoulder, took from it a soft white sheepskin, gave it to the strange man, and said that he should let the child sleep on it.But just as soon as he showed that he, too, could be merciful, his eyes were opened, and he saw what he had not been able to see before, and heard what he could not have heard before.He saw that all around him stood a ring of little silver-winged angels, and each held a stringed instrument, and all sang in loud tones that tonight the Saviour was born who should redeem the world from its sins.br/>Then he understood how all things were so happy this night that they didnt want to do anything wrong.And it was not only around the shepherd that there were angels, but he saw them everywhere. They sat inside the grotto, they sat outside on the mountain, and they flew under the heavens. They came marching in great companies, and, as they passed, they paused and cast a glance at the child.There was such jubilation and such gladness and songs and play! And all this he saw in the dark night whereas before he could not have made out anything. He was so happy because his eyes had been opened that he fell upon his knees and thanked God.What that shepherd saw, we might also see, for the angels fly down from heaven every Christmas Eve, if we could only see them.You must remember this, for it is as true, as true as that I see you and you see me. It is not revealed by the light of lamps or candles, and it does not depend upon sun and moon, but that which is needful is that we have such eyes as can see Gods glory.

I Think I Got a Bad GRE Score. Now What

Effects Of European Expansion On America - 1407 Words

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In the early modern period, explorers crossed immense oceans to even find a hint of other civilizations and new resources. With superior material and technological strength, especially firearms, Europeans were able to achieve land and power. The motives for European expansion varied from desiring glory from their lands, gold for their future, to serve in the name of God, and the strategic needs that their country may require. Among the first well known European explorers, Christopher Columbus, an experienced voyager, discovered a â€Å"New World† that he claimed for Spain inShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Historical Impacts of the Protestant Reformation946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation and European expansion have both left political, social and economic impacts throughout history. The Protestant Reformation which was started in the 1500’s, by a Catholic man named Martin Luther caused political instability and fragmented the Holy Roman Empire. 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And Then There Were Three - 2237 Words

And Then There Were Three From author to appearance, purpose to publisher, the creation of the Lyrical Ballads was far from simple. Though the blank-verse Tintern Abbey is one of the â€Å"other poems† hidden in the back of just one edition of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s ballads, the pastoral ode best represents the Wordsworthian anxiety that casts a shadow over the entire, complex publication of the Lyrical Ballads. Tintern Abbey was not meant to be a part of the Lyrical Ballads, but was added at the last minute, when the poems were already in the printing press (Moorman). Though hasty and not quite fitting, Wordsworth’s final addition to the first volume of the Lyrical Ballads became its most illustrious†¦show more content†¦Cottle returned to Bristol with The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in hand, as well as an agreed upon title for the whole collection, the Lyrical Ballads. 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Understanding of how Linux was originated Free Essays

INTRODUDCTION Linux, the flagship of open source software (OOS) (Applewhite, 2003), has been reported to be the significant force that has strengthened some developing countries in the technology map.(Wilburn 1997; UNCTAD 2002). It is said to be the backbone for accelerating the growth of low income countries’ IT industries and it intend to increase their tendency to innovate. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of how Linux was originated or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main aim of this paper is to gain an understanding of how Linux was originated. How it diffused from the innovator to its current position on the S curve. We attempt to achieve this by assessing its market share and the circumstances that lead to its success. ABSTRACT Linux is an operating system that originated from Unix operating system. This paper analyzes how it came about, how it was developed and diffused. It also emphasizes on the position of the innovation on the S curve, how successful the product was, its effects on the market and on the society. UNIX In order to understand the popularity of Linux, we need to travel back to 30years ago when computer use to be as big as a rock or a football stadium. While the size of those computers was a problem, one thing made it even worse. Every computer has to run on a specific operating system. Being able to work with one system does not guarantee you could work with another. Therefore, it was difficult both for the users and the system administrators. Technologically the world was not that advanced, so they had to cope with the size of the computer for another decade. In 1969, a team of developers in Bell Lab laboratories started working on solution to software problems and they developed new operating system which was (Machtelt Garrrels, 2008) simple and elegant Written in the C programming language instead of in assembly code Able to recycle code. The Bell Labs developers named their project â€Å"UNIX†. The code recycling features were important. Until then, all computers were written on a special code developed for one system. Unix on the other hand needed only a small part of that special code, which is now commonly named the Kernel. (Machtelt Garrels, 2008). The operating system and all other functions were built around this kernel and written in a higher programming language, C. This language was specifically created for the UNIX system. Using this technique, it was easier to develop an operating system that run on many different type of hardware. LINUS AND LINUX By the beginning of the 90s home PC were powerful to run on full blown UNIX (M. Tim Jones, 2005) Linus Torvalds, a computer science student at the University of Helsinki in Finland thought it would be a nice idea to have a sort of freely available academic version of UNIX, and so, he started to code. He started by developing device drivers and hard-drive access, and by September he had a basic design he called Version 0.01 (Ramesh Bangia at el, 2007). This Kernel which is called Linux was combined with the GNU system to produce a complete free operating system. Torvalds released an open source code for linux, which allow anyone to access and modify the source code at no cost (Sander Van Vugt, 2009). As a result, anyone who has the knowledge of linux can modify and change the system. Linux became most popular operating system because of its free source distribution and compatibility with other hardwares (Vijay Shekhar, 2006). How Linux was developed (Nicholas Wells, 2003) On January 5, 1992, Linux Version 0.12 was released, an improved, stable kernel. Then another Version 0.95 was released to reflect the fact that it was becoming the full-featured system. After that, Linux became an underground fact with a growing group of distributed programmers that develop and enhance the source code baseline to this day. Torvalds released Version 0.11 under a freeware license of his own plan, but then released Version 0.12 under the well established GNU General Public License and more software was created for Linux over the next couple of years (Richard L. Petersen, 2005). Linux continued to improve in the 90s and started to be used in large-scale application like networking, database serving and proving ready for production use (Richard Petersen, 2008). Version 2.2 which is a major update of Linux Kernel was released in 1999. In 2000, most computer companies supported Linux in one way or the other, recognizing a common standard that could finally reunify the fractured world of the Unix wars (Micheal H. Jang, 2003). The next major release was Version 2.4 in January 2001, which provides compatibility with upcoming generations of Intel’s 64-Bit Itanium processor computers (Micheal H. Jang, 2006). How Linux was diffused. The diffusion of an innovation is seen as a social process where the innovative idea or product is adopted as a result of the existence of different types of adopter categories (Owen, 1991). Sheth (1998) posited that the fundamental factors that, which influence the propensity to resist or adopt an innovation, are, the perceived risks associated with adopting the innovation, and the level of habit change in adopting the innovation. In reviewing the diffusion of Linux, diffusion occurred when the perceived financial and performance risks, and the changes in habit that were required to use the product were apparently low and free to a large population of consumers. Linux has a very low total cost of ownership (TCO). A survey conducted in the U.S., Brazil, France, Germany, Sweden and Japan, for instance indicated that 50% of the respondents perceived Linux having a lower TCO (N Kshetri, 2005) Consider the initial investment. The price of Microsoft’s entry-level operating system was ?50 in 2002. Taking ?300 as the average price of a PC, it amounts to 15% of the total cost of a PC. Linux, on the other hand can be freely downloaded or purchased with a nominal distribution fee. Linux’s cost saving potential is more appealing to users from developing countries. PCs with Linux as the operating system are, more attractive in developing countries. For instance, LG Electronics, the South Korean multinational sells Linux-based desktop in India at prices lower than brands using commercial operating systems (N Kshetri, 2005). Linux was easily diffused from the stage of innovators through the segments that eventually make up the majority of adopters because of its free and open source operating system. Users and developers of Linux can easily access and modify the source code at no cost. Another key factor that accelerates the diffusion of Linux is its ability to run on old machines. (Gray 2000) Linux can even run on 486 chips machine unlike Microsoft Windows XP Professional that requires a minimum of 233 MHz processor and 64 MB of RAM. This advantage of Linux is more important for users in developing countries. In many cities and regions, local associations known as the Linux User Groups (LUGs) helps to diffuse this free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support and operating system installation to new users. (Erricos John, et al 2002) stated that the adoption of Linux was due to the social network composed of innovators, early adopters, early majority†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and diffusion in this case could be social backbone that lowers the risk of using this innovation. The rate of diffusion has risen from the innovators to the late majority as shown in the diffusion curve. (See fig 1). Where the Original funding did came from? After the release of Linux by Linus Torvalds, the source code was made available on the internet for anyone who wants to develop the software. The innovator neither forms a spin out company nor sells the idea. The source code was made available on the internet and developers started developing new versions of Linux. What happened about the IPRWas the innovation patented? Linux was developed as a cooperative Open Source effort over the internet. So no company or institution has control over it. Most Linux software is developed as Open Source software. This means that the source code is freely distributed along with the application (Richard Petersen, 2007). Programmers over the internet contribute to a software package development by modifying and correcting the source code. Linux is an open source operating system. Its source code is included in all distribution and is freely available on the internet (Aries Technology Inc, 2003-2007). There are other major software projects that are open source, for instance KDE and GNOME. The Netscape Communicator Web browser package has also become open source, with its source code freely available on internet (Neil Smyth, 2010). Open source software is protected by public licenses. These prevent commercial companies from taking control of open source software by adding a few modifications, copyrighting those changes and selling the software as their own product. The most popular public license is the GNU General Public License provided by the free software foundation. This is the license that Linux is distributed under (Dr Mukesh Dhunna et al, 2010). The GNU General Public License retains the copyright, freely licensing the software with the note that the software and modification made to it will always be freely available. However, there are other public license created to support different kinds of open source projects, for instance the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) lets commercial application uses GNU licensed software libraries. Linux is currently copyrighted under the GNU public license provided by the free software foundation, and it is often referred to as GNU software. GNU software is distributed free, provided it is freely distributed to others. Why is Linux Successful? Linus operating system for servers and PCs has really gained ground. It is now pushed by big firms such as IBM, Intel, HP, and Dell and is used by large companies like DaimlerChrysler and Morgan Stanley. It open architecture makes it compatible to run on any computer architecture: in the hand-held ARM-based iPAQ and the mainframe IBM system z9, system z10, in devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers (Graham Glass et al, 2005). The cost of production is relatively low, because it can be downloaded off the web for free. Because the source code is widely available on the net, developers all around the world can contribute freely on any development or improvement of the programme. This represents an investment in time and people than ever a cash-flush giant as Microsoft cannot match. Linux operating system is highly reliable and secured which makes it difficult for worms to attack (http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS6909870737.html ) However, the real success for Linux came from its backing from the major computer manufacturers, who want to use it as a competitive tool against Microsoft (Eric Viardot, 2004 ). For instance, Linux got a big boost when Intel unfastened its close association with Microsoft and started producing chips for Linux. Such backing is seen as a commitment to the long-term of this operating software by major corporations, which desperately needed freedom from the Microsoft monopoly. Effects of Linux on the Market The Linux market is growing rapidly, and the revenue of servers, desktops and packaged software running Linux was expected to go beyond ?22.2 billion in 2008. A report from IDC’s Q1 2007 financial report shows that Linux held a total of 12.7% of the overall sever market at that time (IDC Q1 2007 report). However, this estimate is based on the number of servers sold by various companies, and did not include server hardware purchased separately which had Linux installed on it later. In September 2008, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer acknowledged that 60% of web servers run Linux versus 40% that run windows server (Nicholai James, 2008). Primarily based on web server statistics, most companies estimated that the market share of Linux range from less than 1% to 4.8%. In comparison, Microsoft operating system hold more than 85% (Beer Stan, 2007). The emerge of Linux did not kill its competitors (Microsoft, Mac Operating System) rather it encourages innovation in the technological industry. â€Å"In the second half of 2003, linux sales in the Chinese PC market exceed 800,000 copies. Similarly, in November 2003, Sun announced a deal to sell 200 million copies of Linux-based Java desktop to the Chinese government to be use throughout the country. China’s Linux market grew by 27.1% in 2005 and the Chinese research IT firm predicted an annual growth rate of 49.3% from 2005-2009 for the Chinese Linux server software market† (N Kshetri, 2007). Linux has also made huge success in the film industry. Titanic was the first major film produced on Linux server in 1997. Since then, major studios including Dreamworks Animation, Pixar, Weta Digital, and Industrial Light Magic have migrated to Linux. According to the Linux Movies Group, more than 95% of the servers and desktops at large animation and visual effects companies use Linux (http://www.linuxmovies.org/). The Effect of Linux on the Society. Linux created a lasting impact in the technological industries. Linux has been the primary source of technological innovations originated for and used in developing countries (N Kshetri, 2007). For instance, Encore software of India has design a handheld internet appliance, Simputer, based on Linux. At a cost of below ?150, Simputer provides internet and email access in local languages; micro banking applications; speech recognition and text-to-speech conversion. Computador Popular (Popular Computers) in Brazil that costs less than ?200 runs Linux. Computador is an internet appliance without a floppy or a hard disk and features many attributes in a moderately-price PC (N Kshetri, 2007). Consumers can also buy inexpensive hard disk and other accessories. Due to its low cost of ownership and open source operating system available, it has help users mostly in the developing countries to lay hand on a computer of their own and create room for developers to be more creative. Conclusion The development of Linux came at the right time. The innovation resulted from a need pull. Before the invention of Linux operating system, every computer runs on separate operating system which makes it very difficult for developers because they had to write different programs for different operating system. Linus Torvalds wrote the source code for Linux and made it available on the web. The operating system is registered under GNU which made it possible for anyone to improve on it. The low cost of ownership and open source operating system accelerates the diffusion of the innovation. However, due to its availability to run on any other operating system (new/old), it dominated the market share of the technological industries. From my point of view, Linux is highly dominated in Asia and Africa because of its low cost. ABSTRACT Linux is an operating system that originated from Unix operating system. This paper analyzes how it came about, how it was developed and diffused. It also emphasizes on the position of the innovation on the S curve, how successful the product was, its effects on the market and on the society. INTRODUDCTION Linux, the flagship of open source software (OOS) (Applewhite, 2003), has been reported to be the significant force that has strengthened some developing countries in the technology map.(Wilburn 1997; UNCTAD 2002). It is said to be the backbone for accelerating the growth of low income countries’ IT industries and it intend to increase their tendency to innovate. The main aim of this paper is to gain an understanding of how Linux was originated. How it diffused from the innovator to its current position on the S curve. We attempt to achieve this by assessing its market share and the circumstances that lead to its success. REFERENCES 1Machtelt Garrels, 2008. Introduction to Linux, A Hands on Guide. 2M.Tim Jones, 2005. GNU/Linux application Programming. 3Ramesh Bangia, Balvir Singh, Ramesh Bangia, 2007. Operating System and Software Diagnostics. 4Sander Van Vugt, 2009. Beginning the Linux Command Line. 5Vijay Shekhar, 2006. Red Hat Linux- The Complete Bible. 6Nicholas Wells, 2003. Guide to Linux installation and administration. 7Richard L. Petersen, 2005. Red Hat Enterprise Linux Fedora Core 4 8Richard L. Petersen, 2008. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5: Administration Security Desktop. 9Micheal H. Jang, 2003. Mastering Red Hat Linux 9. 10 N Kshetri, 2005. Diffusion Pattern of Linux: An Assessment on Major Technology Dimensions 11 Gray F. Douglas, 2000. ‘Low Cost Gives Linux Appeal, Say Supporters at Comdex’, IDG News Service, November 13, http://www.idg.net/idgns/2000/11/13/COMDEXLowCostGivesLinux.shtml 12 Erricos John Kontoghiorghes, Stavros Siokos, 2002. Computational method in decision-making, economics and finance. 13 Aries Technology Inc, 2003-2007. Aries Linux Essentials. 14 Neil Smyth, 2010. Ubuntu 10.10 Essentials. 15 N Kshetri, 2007. Increasing Returns and the Diffusion of Linux in China. 16 Dr Mukesh Dhunna, J. B. Dixit, 2010. Information Technology in Business Management. 17 Graham Glass, King Ables, 2005. Linux for Programmers and Users. 18 Erick Viardot, 2004. Successful Marketing Strategy for high-tech firms, Volume 5. 19 IDC Q1 2007 report. Linux-watch.com2007-05-2009 20 Nicholai James, 2008. Ballmer Still Searching for an Answer to Google. http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/151568/ballmer_still_searching_for_an_answer_to_google.html 21 Beer Stan, 2007. Vista to play second fiddle to Xp until 2009 22 http://www.linuxmovies.org/ How to cite Understanding of how Linux was originated, Essay examples

Effects of Job Stress on Job Satisfaction-Free-Samples for Students

Question: What are the effects of this Job Stress, in particular, on Job Satisfaction? And how can these effects be prevented? Answer: Introduction This essay focuses on the effect of work intensification and an analysis of how job stress relates to job satisfaction. In addition, remedies are provided regarding how the effects of job stress can be prevented. Basing on the modern world, the innovative technology, consumer demands and the extension in the market for competitors experience a continuous growth (Li, Hu, Zhou, He, Fan, Liu, Zhang, Li and Sun, 2014 pp.10). For this reason, several institutions shift their content constantly and they get deeper to work for the development of the organization. If the organizations wish to succeed, the employees are required to be flexible and adaptable to the rapid changes experienced in the working environment (Hoboubi, Choobineh, Ghanavati, Keshavarzi and Hosseini, 2017 pp.68). The issue resulted in an intensification of work and heavy workload which slowly leads to job stress, and affects the employees job satisfaction. Discussion Job stress refers to the destructive emotions and the physical responses which are associated with the job qualifications, for instance, if there lack a match of the individual abilities, the employees needs, or the resources. Job stress results from injuries as well as poor health. On the other hand, job satisfaction can be defined in various diverse ways. Some individuals perceive that job satisfaction is the content that an individual has in regard to their work (Taylor,2017, (n.d)). In simple words, if they like their job, the facets associated with the job as well as the individual factors which include supervision or the nature of the job. Zablah, Carlson, Donavan, Maxham III, and Brown, 2016 outlines the cause of job satisfaction. For instance, for an employee to be satisfied they must be fit for the job in terms of qualifications, environment, and salary demands. In case the personality traits of an individual do not fit the job or organization they are prone to experience job stress (Zablah, Carlson, Donavan, Maxham III, and Brown, 2016 pp.743). Also, if there is misguide regarding the individual perceptions about a certain job they are prone to experience job stress as well. There individuals should minimize the overload of emotional labor to avoid job stress and acquire job satisfaction. The job stress and job satisfaction are related. From the theoretical perspective, the theory of person-environment indicates that stress occurs due to the individual fit or rather misfit with the surrounding. For instance, an individual may experience stress when trying to cope and also induce their defense mechanisms at work (Burchell, Hudson, Ladipo, Mankelow Nolan,1999, (n.d)). Various studies have been conducted which reveals that job stress correlates to the job satisfaction hence the productivity levels of the employees are impacted. Job stress matters to the stakeholders, employees, and to the managers of the institutions. It is a difficult term which has various definitions, and its effects on job satisfaction can be explored using various theoretical models. The cognitive theory focuses on stress, coping with job stress, and it views stress as the friction which arises between an employee and their working environment. The cognitive theory provides resources as significant factors in the organization which may cause job stress (Bemana, Moradi, Ghasemi, Taghavi and Ghayoor, 2013 pp.235). The theory suggests that if the needs of the employees are more than the available resources, then stress is bound to occur. The affective job satisfaction is defined as the individual emotional view about the entire task. The demand-control model developed by Karasek assumes that psychological strain is an effect of job stress which impacts job satisfaction. Clearly, there a is psychological strain which impacts the decision-m aking of an employee. The model of the effort-reward imbalance indicates that stress may arise if there is a mismatch between the employees high commitment and low rewards (Yaacob and Long, 2015. Pp.81). The low rewards may include low salaries, no promotion, and no recognition at workplace. For this reason, employees may lack the motivation to work harder in fear that they will not be rewarded. Other factors that are associated with job stress are workload, disturbances in the working environment, career development, and the role of conflicts. Clearly, the employees determine the production level of every organization (Usman, Akbar and Ramzan, 2013 pp.71). The organization may still have low productivity levels regardless of high capital, or latest technology in the organization if the employees are not satisfied. Therefore, due to job stress, the employees have a low intellectual happiness which is followed by poor health (Bakker and Demerouti, 2014 pp.10). At the same time, the j ob stress encourages absenteeism of employee with no good reasons. Various scholars confirm that the turnover rate of institutions is determined by the employee satisfaction and the levels of job stress. Job stress may affect the events and the purposes of various institutions. This is because the job pressures may impact the employees performance as outlined in this paper. Disagreements may arise in the case of job stress hence conflicts occur. Employees realize they have dragged in various events and they struggle to position themselves to understand the role of conflict in the organization. Also, conflicts occur as the employees want to achieve satisfaction but the job stress causes challenging demands which do not match from one employee to the other. Employees encounter stress through competition, mass retrenchment, uncertainty about the future outlook of the organization, and due to the advances in the technology (Allisey, Noblet, Lamontagne and Houdmont, 2014 pp.755). Employees have to cope with the competitive nature and therefore they spend time struggling with the job obligations hence negative effects are experienced in their personal, social and domestic life. Therefore, the employees develop physical and mental health issues due to the dissatisfaction at the workplace (Fila, Paik, Griffeth and Allen, 2014 pp.642). At the same time, the employees may impact the customers if they experience job stress. This is because the employees will lower the quality of their services to the customers hence customer satisfaction reduces. Therefore, the employers need to recognize the stressors in the organization that causes the outlined negative impacts to the organization. If the job stress decreases, the employees and the customers will be satisfied hence the organization will benefit in terms of productivity. There are various ways in which the effects of job stress may be prevented, especially on job satisfaction. First, the organizations should do several things to help the employees cope with technological advances hence minimize the job stress. Organizations should create the focus groups for the employees. The organizations will create the groups by selecting random staff from the departments where they are given an opportunity to express their experiences as well as opinions concerning the institution. Training should be provided concerning the new structures and advances in technologies to minimize their resistance to changes and increase their competence (Charoensukmongkol, 2014 pp.345). The managers should ensure that the changes are implemented chronologically. The chronological approach is also called the step by step method where employees are exposed to problems slowly hence the managers have ample time to provide solutions to the problems before the systems are implemented i n the organization. The employees should ignore the poor habits which facilitate to job stress. They can resist perfectionism by setting the realistic goals where they can perform best. They may also find humor in various situations to overcome job stress. Employees should be proactive basing on the duties by presenting their concern to the employers (Cicolini, Comparcini and Simonetti, 2014 pp.860). At the same time, employees should organize as well as prioritize their job by managing their time well hence reduce the job stress. Also, employees need to take leaves and enhance good relationships with others to minimize conflicts within the institutions. In case of poor health, employees should exercise and take a balanced diet to reduce job stress. On the other hand, the managers should do various things to increase the job satisfaction for the employees and minimize the job stress. First, the managers should consult their employees before implementing several processes within the organization. This provides opportunities for the employees to take part in decision-making and also the conflicts are managed positively. The managers should clarify the expectations within the institutions. This step can be achieved by sharing the information with the staff to minimize the uncertainty levels. They may also define the goals, roles as well as responsibilities for the employees. Finally, they may issue incentives and rewards as a way of recognizing their employees. This step can be achieved if the managers respect the staff, offer good salaries, and praise the good performance. In addition, the managers should exercise fair deals with the employees to enhance their satisfaction. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay explores the effects of job stress on job satisfaction and the preventive measures which can be offered. Job stress determines the levels of motivation of the employees in the organizations. Job stress may have a great impact even to the community due to the low productivity of the organization. The career development, the role of conflict, absenteeism, low productivity, low reward, workload, and disturbances in the working environment are the significant effects of jobs stress as outlined in this essay. Therefore, the employees and the managers are obliged to offer preventive measures to minimize job stress and enhance job satisfaction. Various theories and models such as the cognitive theory, person-environment theory, demand-control model, and the model of the effort-reward imbalance have been used in the essay to explain the relationship which exists between job stress and job satisfaction. The recommendations are that employers and employees should iden tify the factors of optimization which impacts the job stress as well as job satisfaction. Employers need to support their employees and also employ those who fit their abilities and the expertise. Exact definitions should be provid4ed regarding the jobs. Finally, the employers should ensure that the employees have the best working environment in terms of structures, clean environments with fewer disturbances to minimize stress and increase the job satisfaction. Bibliography Li, L., Hu, H., Zhou, H., He, C., Fan, L., Liu, X., Zhang, Z., Li, H. and Sun, T., 2014. Work stress, work motivation and their effects on job satisfaction in community health workers: a cross-sectional survey in China.BMJ open,4(6), p.e004897. Hoboubi, N., Choobineh, A., Ghanavati, F.K., Keshavarzi, S. and Hosseini, A.A., 2017. The Impact of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction on Workforce Productivity in an Iranian Petrochemical Industry.Safety and health at work,8(1), pp.67-71. Taylor,D. (2017,March 1). Insecure, stressed, and Underemployed: The Daily reality for millions of Australians.ABC News[Australia]. Burchell,B., Hudson,M., Ladipo,D., Mankelow,R., Nolan,J. (1999, August). Job insecurity and Work intensification.Joseph Rowntree Foundation[NY]. Bemana, S., Moradi, H., Ghasemi, M., Taghavi, S.M. and Ghayoor, A.H., 2013. The relationship among job stress and job satisfaction in municipality personnel in Iran.World Applied Sciences Journal,22(2), pp.233-238. Yaacob, M. and Long, C.S., 2015. Role of occupational stress on job satisfaction.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(2 S1), p.81. Usman, S., Akbar, M.T. and Ramzan, D.M., 2013. Effect of salary and stress on job satisfaction of teachers in district Sialkot, Pakistan.IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS),15(2), pp.68-74. Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E., 2014. Job demandsresources theory.Wellbeing. Allisey, A.F., Noblet, A.J., Lamontagne, A.D. and Houdmont, J., 2014. Testing a model of officer intentions to quit: the mediating effects of job stress and job satisfaction.Criminal Justice and Behavior,41(6), pp.751-771. Fila, M.J., Paik, L.S., Griffeth, R.W. and Allen, D., 2014. Disaggregating job satisfaction: Effects of perceived demands, control, and support.Journal of Business and Psychology,29(4), pp.639-649. Charoensukmongkol, P., 2014. Effects of support and job demands on social media use and work outcomes.Computers in Human Behavior,36, pp.340-349. Cicolini, G., Comparcini, D. and Simonetti, V., 2014. Workplace empowerment and nurses' job satisfaction: A systematic literature review.Journal of Nursing Management,22(7), pp.855-871. Zablah, A.R., Carlson, B.D., Donavan, D.T., Maxham III, J.G. and Brown, T.J., 2016. A cross-lagged test of the association between customer satisfaction and employee job satisfaction in a relational context.Journal of Applied Psychology,101(5), p.743.